Economics of Sport Essay

1. Introduction: This report will overview and discuss how stakeholders in professional sports can get as much as they want out of the sport, without too much involvement from the government. It will also cover some of the purposes of government-intervention and what they should do to keep the competitive balance intact for the leagues. There will be examples and discussions drawn from clubs and leagues in the European Soccer and also differences between how sports leagues on either sides of the Atlantic ocean works in this matter. The importance of keeping stakeholders happy is the key to on-pitch success. Stakeholders in sport are everybody involved with sport; participants (players/athletes), fans, governing bodies, financial investors and communities at large. 1.1 Background: Since the early stages of the discussion and the involvement of the economics side of the field of sports, Naele (1964) identified professional sports leagues as a different animal than any other competitive industry in the world we know today. The main focus for professional sport leagues is to provide and compromise teams to a highly competitive level where they can produce and sell sporting events to the public (Fort & Quirk, 1992). Similar individual teams make up a professional sports league, that all relies to gain the maximum of economic benefits as possible while relying on the opportunity to compete against other teams to produce their outputs; the outcome will be games for the fans to enjoy. Without an organised structure of games and tables, the competitive output would not exist for sports leagues or its fans. Naele (1964) also claims that there is one main difference between a typical competitive business industry and the sports industry. He says that a normal industry gains the most economic and capital benefits while it faces the least amount of competition as possible. Simply put, the businesses are seeking to be the only supplier to the market to become the market leader and in that way earn money. This is not a preferred position for any professional sports league or team, while they rely on other teams and leagues to produce a product of outcome to make a sustainable business out of it. 1.2 Why do clubs either focus on winning or maximising profits? Models often used to discuss how sports leagues tend to behave are primarily the trend if club owners either aims for maximise profits (El-Hodiri & Quirk, 1971) or wins (Kà ©senne, 2000). It is seen that the North American major sports leagues and the European leagues supports the assumptions that clubs uses a trade-off point of profit and wins (Atkinson, Stanley, & Tschirhart, 1988). The most optimal for leagues and clubs should be to aim towards finding a model that balances the weighted sum of profit and wins (Dietl, Grossmann, & Lang, 2011). Therefor we sometimes see teams and leagues that work after gaining profit and economic benefits for survival, and on the other side we see the teams and leagues that works towards winning as their main goal and business objective. Some owners of team are even willing to lose or invest money to build a winning team in the long run (Fort & Quirk 2005). 1.3 Where does the government fit in to the market of sports? There are two main reasons why governments intervene in sports: efficiency and equity (Andreff, 2001). Efficiency reports to the allocation of production resources. That involves sharing and allocation of who does what, how will it be done and where it will be produced. In other words, government and state supplies the right people and funding so that sport production from all levels are made as efficient as possible. Equity on the other hand are concerned how the distribution of the market will benefit and gain throughout society (McWha, Smith, & Clarke, 2000). Meaning that the government and state joins up to gain the participation and enrolment of sport from youth and grassroots levels so that as many as possible can get the chance of getting involved with sports programs. Government tends to use sports funding to gain a bigger and broader social wellbeing and strengthen national identities while gaining and providing the country with more talent and more competitive power on an i nternational scale (McWha, Smith, & Clarke, 2000). Government bodies also ensure that rules are followed and that the regulatory framework for how the organisations operate are followed correctly. 2. Key Issues The sports culture between Europe and America varies a lot. All from regulating, formatting and design and managing are way different from each side of the Atlantic. The way that the American sports leagues are formed is that they are built as independent organisations which has an entry barrier through franchise sales. This means that a new entry to the league is only possible if a current team is for sale of if the league are in a need of open up for expansion (Cain, Louis & Haddock, 2005). In Europe they use an open model, which is seen as a hierarchical structure where entry relies fully on a promotion/relegation system (Andreff, 1989). 2.1 European Football Football is by far the world’s most popular sport with over 3.5 billion fans worldwide (Dunning, 1999) The English Barclays Premier League had in the season of 2009-2010 revenues worth of  £2.1 billion, which by then was a record for the league (Conn, 2011). Now a few years later, a new broadcast deal has been signed and together with the worlds most expensive regular tickets prices, the revenues will be worth nearly  £5 million (Pantanella, 2012). With an promising and an substantial uplift of the already massive broadcast deals of the 2013/2014 season, the English Premier League will account for more then the half of the top 20 clubs with the highest revenue of Europe (Bosshardt, Bridge, Hanson, Shaffer, Stenson & Thorpe, 2013). From the roots, the clubs throughout Europe is voluntary organisations. But with the new age of media, commercialisation and globalisation; the bigger and the dominant clubs are more seen as business entities with capital, a vision of profit and the responsibility of results for the fans (Boyle & Haynes, 2004). According to the Deloitte annually edition of the Football Money League, the Spanish giant Real Madrid became the first European club team to surpass the â‚ ¬500 million (AUD 658 million) revenue threshold in one year during the season of 2011/2012. Second on that list is Barcelona FC with AUD 619 million and third is the English sided Manchester United FC on AUD 508 million (Bosshardt, Bridge, Hanson, Shaffer, Stenson & Thorpe, 2013) With this amount of money being shoved in and out of the football organisation in Europe it is hard to see why there would be a need of government intervention other than how the regulations of the sharing of the deals will be spent. The bigger, the better and the more popular the club are, the more fans they will attract and the more TV viewers they will get (Fort & Quirk, 2005). In Spain there are no regulations or laws of the distribution of the broadcast revenue at all. They are letting every club negotiate individually with the broadcasters available on the market. Since the season of the Spanish La Liga 2004/2005, there has only been one year when a team (Villareal 07/08) other then Real Madrid and Barcelona clinched the first two spots of the table (List of Champions – Sport Soccer Statistic Foundation, 2013). Thanks to this system, the league has almost lost its competitive balance for the rest of the teams of the league while the two dominant teams clinch the best com mercial-deals for the league for themselves and the spots of continental competition. The English Premier League has also been dominated by the classic â€Å"top 4† teams, Chelsea FC, Manchester United FC, Arsenal FC and Liverpool FC. Since the English Football League First Division rebranded itself to the Barclays Premier League in 1992, there has only been one season where a team outside of the former mentioned to become Champions (Blackburn Rovers 94/95), and since then there has only been Leeds United that has been able to steal a top three place in the table from the â€Å"top 4† teams (Past Winners – The Football League, 2013). The sharing of the broadcast rights revenue in England is shared in three parts: 50% are shared equally throughout all 20 clubs, 25% in facility fees and 25% depending how they end up in the league (Premier League Season Review, 2011). With this numbers in mind, the money attracted to certain clubs seen as being more economically viable than others, comes from individual contracts, endorsements and overseas business opportunities and sponsorships, not exclusive from broadcast rights. This is where the problem is. A trend of overseas rich oligopolies taking over ownerships of European clubs has formed an international debate whether the ethics and moral of the competitive balance of the sport. With almost immeasurable amounts of money, a civil person can by the majority of shares of a team and transform it to a name-reputational team with gaining high-value player transfers and offers high wages (Vrooman, 1995). The government and the state bodies around Europe have since 2009 together with UEFA agreed on putting a motion of a so-called Financial Fair Play. It was introduced due to the concern of the heavy spending of a number of professional clubs across Europe, it was hoped that the regulations would eventually lead to a more ‘level playing field’ by preventing clubs with very wealthy owners who make substantial cash gifts to their club from gaining an unfair advantage over other clubs who are run on a more sustainable business model, and in so doing encourage lower levels of spending (UEFA, 2012). 2.2 Other leagues Over the Atlantic Ocean there is a whole other perspective of sports. America has uniquely formed a fundamental culture, where schools and colleges are to be the main resource of forming the professional leagues (Bottenburg, 2010). Leagues in America have the world’s most profitable league; the National Football League (NFL) that alone draws in an annual profit of over one billion Australian dollars (Seepersaud 2010) The American Leagues are seen as the most competitive-balanced leagues in the world, with leagues as the NFL, NHL, MLB and the NBA. In America they use a variety of implements of their formatting of the leagues to make it as fair and as competitive as possible. But the how the competitive balance work in practise varies from eye to eye. As mentioned before, America uses a closed league system. Thanks to that it is possible for them to use a so called draft system, where the lowest ranking team from previous season has the opportunity to choose first in the upcoming draft of young talents from all over the world. NFL, NBA and NHL also implemented salary caps, which give the teams over the league a total amount of money to spend on wages each season so that not one single team is the only one to afford the biggest names. They also have a season concluded with a knockout play-off. This kind of formatting makes the outcome each year impossible to range. Since the commercialisation of the sports imploded America there has only been few back-to-back wins in the professional leagues. There has been some dominance by teams as the Los Angeles Lakers (NBA), New York Yankees (MLB), but other than that the outcome is considerably uncertain from year to year. Not least in the NHL and the NFL. 3. Summary Since most of the European clubs are win-maximised focused teams with the main aim to survive and stay as high up in the league system as possible, the intervention of government and state should be as low as possible. For the participants of the game they really do not need any actions to be taken from the government other than regulating the safety on the pitch with guards and police forces protecting them to unknown elements of danger. They will all get paid, and if they are good enough to seek themselves elsewhere for more lucrative deals, the already government-applied silly-season and the transfer-windows will secure them and the clubs. In America the draft system and college involvement should be enough for the government’s involvement. Since the American sports leagues are working after a cartel linked system to survive and make profits, the salary cap helps younger and inexperienced players to secure wage-deals that suits them in their careers. The fans will always be together and involved with their club unless something drastic will happen. The way that government should intervene to keep fans from all levels satisfy are to maybe try to manage and put pressure on leagues and clubs to keep their gate-tickets as fair and lucrative as possible. With the draft system and the Financial Fair Play, the fans from teams and clubs that have not gained the trophies or cups recently, will be to their advantage in a near future. This will make a higher competitive market for talents and that the spread of players will be wider overall. Community will get help of government involvement of them interact and supply state and government supported facilities by bringing either existing clubs or future franchises to their community. This is a form of politic question that involves tax-money and an overall public demand. As long as the leagues and the teams manage to keep a sustainable competitive balance and a high quality outcome, I do not see why governments should interact and interfere with how the sports leagues are managed today. The Financial Fair Play is too soon to reflect on how it will work out as an outcome for the European football, but we can already see that it has marked its point in countries as Turkey and Spain when UEFA banned Besiktas and Malaga from continental competition due to overspending of their own capacity. The government should work from the community’s perspective; keep a full-on investigation and reporting about drugs and safety of players and athletes. In short, let the leagues and sports manage themselves, because in the end it is all about keeping the most important stakeholders happy and satisfied, the fans.

Salvia Divinorum

Salvia Divinorum is a hallucinogenic Mexican herb known as â€Å"diviner’s mint† in the US and is typically a natural substance that has the ability to cause intense hallucinations â€Å"out of body† experiences, and a short-term memory loss. Although this substance is legal in the United States despite of the herb’s hallucinogenic properties, this stuff is generally not considered as therapeutic despite of the notion that it was also used for curing by the Mazatic, and is more likely to be use as recreational drugs by adolescents because of mind altering properties of this substance. Because of these properties, Salvia Divinorum should be classified as a potential source of restricted drugs along with Marijuana or the Cannabis sativa and products derived from this herb should be considered as restricted drugs. A mysterious plant that is both puzzling and perplexing, this herb was described botanically by Carl Epling and Carlos D. Jativa in 1962 through the help of two Americans, Albert Hofman a chemist, and Gordon Wasson, an ethno mycologist investigating Mazatic rituals (Clebsh & Barner p. 06). Growing only in the territory lived in by the Mazatic Indians of Oaxaca, Mexico; the Maztic Indians use this plant along with other ingredients for their hallucinogenic properties â€Å"in divinatory rituals† (p. 106). According to Clebsch and Barner, It was reported that if this salvia was ingested â€Å"it would produce an illusory experience† (p. 106). Apparently, this stuff when ingested produces strange feelings that could be similar to the effects of p articular drugs such as Marijuana and other prohibited drugs. Daniel J. Siebert pointed out that the effect of taking Salvinorin A(an encapsulated product from salvia divinorum), includes seeing visions of people, objects, and places, and with doses above one mg user will experience out body experiences and may get up or move around with no clear awareness of their actions or behavior (p. 55). Furthermore, during the most intense phase of the experience, Siebert noted that user of this substance speak nonsense and even laugh hysterically. Siebert summarized the feelings experiences that could be had by any taking substance derived from salvia divinorum as follows: User sees objects such as yellow plaid French fries, a drawer and even ferries wheel; a visions of various dimensional objects; body loss and even identity; uncontrollable hysterical laughter; and different feelings of motion, or being twisted or pulled by forces of some kind (p. 55). From this feelings and experiences resulting from the use of salvia divinorum there is a considerable evidence that this substance could produce drugs that with effect similar or might even harmful than the effect of marijuana. The irony is that this drug is not restricted in the United States thus companies promoting drugs derived from this herb are free to promote these types of substances on the internet sites targeting younger adults and adolescents. According to information released by DEA, Drug Diversion Program entitled â€Å"Drugs of Chemical Concern: Salvia Divinorum† this substance is being smoked and its effect are described by users similar to other restricted drugs (WWW. Streetdrugs. org). Based on new pharmacological findings and the description of users of this substance, salvia divinorum should be classified as potential source of restricted drugs and that government authorities should closely monitor and act decisively against the liberal use of this substance. Just like other restricted substance that causes potential harm to the user when taken liberally, this substance are prone to abuse and may also cause potential harm to the users. While, there seems to be no clear physical benefit on the use of this stuff aside from the notion of relaxation, the abnormal behavior of the person when at the peak of experience of this drugs, is a clear indication of the potential harm this substance may cause on the users. Work Cited Clebsch, Betsy & Barner, Carol D. The New Books of Salvias USA: Timber Press, 2003 â€Å"Salvia Divinorum† WWW. Streetdrugs.org http://www.streetdrugs.org/salvia2.htm Siebert, Daniel Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A: new pharmacological findings Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd., 1994 http://www.sagewisdom.org/siebertjep94.pdf

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Input and output - Essay Example The keyboard is one such input device that inputs characters and instructions directly into the computer, where characters refer to text. On the other hand, instruction comes in the form of text and function keys that are specially programmed to deliver instruction. Other than the keyboard, there is a need to have pointing devices, based on the user interface that a computer uses, where graphical user interfaces require pointing devices. These include mice, touchpads, trackballs, trackpads and even touch screens, which position the cursor at different positions on the screen of the computer. Apart from the common input devices, there are other specialized devices used in input based on their application and the need to have them, which include scanners, magnetic ink character recognition, barcodes, voice input and graphic tablets. These are specialized, as they are not necessarily in every computer operation, for example, a bar code scanner is only used in points of sale to input the identity of an item on sale for the processing of its cost. After the data is input into the computer, it travels through the expansion bus and into the processor for computation creating a need to view the product (Patkay). In this case, output devices come into play and include visual, audio and graphical output. Visual output appears in the form of on-screen output where all information is displayed on a screen that could be and led, LCD or even a CRT monitor. The screen creates the first interaction with processed data or even data that has been input into the computer providing visual expression of data for users. Another form in which data can be output is through hard copies of data, where information is printed on paper and presented to a computer user. These produce both written numbers and letters while other create impressions of graphics, but are all based on

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Folic acid and b12 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Tchaikovsky and his Symphonies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tchaikovsky and his Symphonies - Research Paper Example Symphony in F Minor The Symphony in F Minor is a customary four movement piece by Tchaikovsky written in the key of F minor. Tchaikovsky composed this great and remarkable piece during 1877 and 1878. Ironically speaking, he wrote it when he was passing though the phase of his disastrous marriage to Antonia Milyukova. (Sylvester, 102) On account of this very fact, one can easily presume that the great infatuations and contrasts that are written into the symphony are an upshot of his marriage. But this observation is not at all absolutely true, because it is alleged that the piece is in fact devoted to his patron Madame von Meck. Tchaikovsky himself declared it as a "musical confession of the soul."(Brown, 119) The information pertaining to the first presentation of the Forth Symphony is very imprecise, but there are certain issues that can be presumed. For example, one can suppose that the piece was first performed in St Petersburg, since that is to where Tchaikovsky escaped after his marriage fell apart, and that Tchaikovsky was the performer since that was ordinary for the style era. As to larger detail, due to deficiency of information, it is just not feasible. First Movement The first movement of the Forth Symphony begins with the brass instruments in a sort of brass trumpet blast with a rapid rhythm to move the music along. While composing this piece, Tchaikovsky in actuality makes use of the crescendos and decrescendos and, in fact, this is most likely the constituent for which affects the movement the most. He really incorporates large jumps between loud and soft because of the profound use of the horns in this movement. The other component that has great effect is the tempo. He never detaches the two. Every time, in this connection, the music goes soft, the tempo slows down and, in the same way, every time that it gets louder, the tempo is picking back up. There are, on the other hand, a few atypical times in this movement that the tempo alterations aren 't stable with this, but for the mainly part, Tchaikovsky adheres to this prototype of soft-slow and loud-fast through the first movement. (Poznansky, 513) Tchaikovsky used this soft-slow, loud-fast model as a way of attracting his audience's concentration and maintaining on to it. This specific movement is very emblematic of the Romantic style period because of its glaringly visible contrasts and musical color. Tchaikovsky’s emotions can be rightly felt trickling through his music. This is a very turbulent piece because of many of its contrasting ingredients. Second Movement Unlike first movement, in the second movement, Tchaikovsky quit the infrequent jumps in rudiments that were the first movement to a softer and gentler style of music. This entire piece is sort of soft, slow, soothing and doesn't in fact have a lot of adornment, but does surround much color, creating it the easiest to listen to of the four movements. The element that has the greatest effect on the whole p iece has to be the mood. The two other elements are the synchronization and consistency of the piece. The synchronization of this movement is pleasurable because of how Tchaikovsky mingles his instruments jointly at this point approximately affording a genuine flowing sound that calms down and seizes your concentration at the same time. (Shostakovich, 33) Third Movement The third movement is the most delicate, the briefest and most unusual of the four movem

Western Civilization Essay Example for Free

Western Civilization Essay Functional political structures of prior centuries still exist to a great degree this very day. What that means is those political systems that are viable can transcend centuries and cultures to exist in the modern world. Political structures are not something that are pulled out of thin air and instituted. Instead, political structures and ideologies are the result of a process of evolution. In other words, a political idea or system will develop in an inception stage and then over the course of time, it will evolve into a more complex system that takes into consideration the various complexities that modern concerns may influence said development. However, what does not happen is that the entirety of an old system is completely thrown out unless it is a clearly failed system. Monarchies, for example, have collapsed because they simply are not functional in the modern era. Their modern equivalent, dictatorships, exist is certain parts of the world on a minimalist level (Cuba, North Korea, etc), but they are generally rejected by the vast majority of world governments whereas successful government systems propagate, albeit in different versions of their classical counterpart. For example, democracy started in Athens as a philosophical movement that later developed into a viable political system. This form of Athenian democracy that was instituted in Ancient Greece was considered a model of effective government and a great deal of the principles of Athenian democracy exist in modern governments, although there are a number of departures from the original Athenian concept. In the Athenian system, direct democracy was the dominant factor as opposed to representative democracy. We still see vestiges of this form of direct democracy in America in the form of ballot initiatives. In California, the most (in)famous form of direct democracy can be viewed in the decriminalization a medical marijuana, a law that never would have passed through a representative system.

Fossils Nurse Essay Example for Free

Fossils Nurse Essay A fossil is the prehistoric remains of a plant or an animal. Fossils are usually are kept at their best when they are buried under many layers of sand and mud. Under the great pressure from the ground, the sand and the mud become sedimentary rock. The minerals combine forming a mould of the plant or animal under the ground. A fossil can be a trace fossil or a body fossil. A body fossil is what actual organic material from a creature or plant (like a bone). Trace fossils are signs of plants and animal activity that have been preserved in rock. For example, dinosaur tracks, trails and dung are all trace fossils. A body fossil is usually composed of bones of an animal. Preservation of the â€Å"soft† tissue of a body is rare especially over long periods of time. Most body fossils are made when an animal dies and falls, or is washed into a steam, and is covered with mud. In a few cases, though, fossils have been preserved by freezing (as with mammoths in Siberia and Alaska) or when the animals have become stuck and died in a tar pit (such as the famous La Brea tar pit near Los Angeles, California). Sometimes a fossil is the result of a volcanic eruption. Ash and mud from the volcano can cover animals and plants killing them at the same time. Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them. It is also the study of organisms that have inhabited our planet. An important part of geology is the study of how Earths materials, structures, processes and organisms have changed over time. Fossils are linked to geology because, it is the study on how the world has build up over the years and fossils are animals and plants from over the years. They have changed over time because they have become smaller and form in different ways like freezing and volcanic eruptions. Over the years fossils have told us about life forms we had no idea about and is proved with the fossils or bones we have today in museums. This is how fossils are linked to geology.

Role Of Technology In The Operations Of Argos Marketing Essay

Role Of Technology In The Operations Of Argos Marketing Essay The organisation, Argos was founded in 1973 and is part of Home Retail Group (Parent Company). It is a generalized store, which sells a vast number of household products such as: household appliances, toys and games, DIY, sports and leisure, etc. According to the Times: Argos has a formidable grasp in most of the aforementioned markets. This establishments business model is based on a simple initiative: combine the comfort and the convenience of home selection (catalogues, internet, and phone) with the nearness of its high street stores. Since it first started out, Argos has always been noticed for its innovative use of technology similar to the way other organisations like Walmart, Amazon or Tesco utilize this type of technology. Computer systems have always had a huge impact on the way Argos functions as a retailer. Argos uses ICT to monitor stock levels, to recognise market developments earlier, to avoid stock shortage situations and to eliminate product theft. Tesco has a very similar business structure/model. Argos is convenient because of its integration with its virtual online business and its retail stores, just like the way Tesco operates; using its stores as its main core of operations. Argos also publishes two catalogues a year, the spring/summer edition at the start of January and the autumn/winter catalogue around mid-July. Finance and Accounting Argos is one of the UKs major non-fare retail groups. In 1998, after poor financial results, it was taken over by GUS (Great Universal Stores) plc. The then new appointed managing director Terry Duddy then set out to improve its performance. Part of Terrys job was to change the values and beliefs (the culture) shared at Argos. As stated in the Times 100 case study: The culture he (Terry) developed is one that values: customer service, teamwork, encouraging managers to take their own decisions, respect for each other and wanting to be competitive and improve. The Times then goes on to say that these values were clearly communicated to the employees; so that they felt more a part of the business. This clearly shows how Argos consulted with its staff to build a sound team, with team values such as: Welcoming change Being impatient to win Having lots of opportunities Working in teams Argos has built these values into its culture. To support this change, they also provided good introductory training, promotional opportunities and performance goals. As well as changing the culture at Argos, managers changed the marketing fusion. This consisted of the traditional Four Ps along with other issues which Argos thought important. Product. Market studies showed that the Argos brand was seen as dull and old-fashioned. Argos then modernised the brand with a new logo and new slogan: Brighter Shopping. It also extended its product range. Promotion. Argos advertises to separate market sectors. It divides its market by traditional ways but also uses brand awareness. As quoted from the Times: The get it group who know and understand the brand are used to help bring on board the dont get it group. Price. Argos continually keeps its prices as low as possible. Place (distribution). Argos continues to expand its retail market by opening new shops. Its catalogue is a key part of its distribution system and is found in 70% of British homes.  [2]   People Argos provides good training for its staff as part of its culture change. Process Alongside traditional shopping methods, Argos introduced Quick Pay and Text and Take Home. (Customers text to see if an item is in stock, and then reserve it to collect later) Quick Pay cuts down on queues by allowing customers to check availability, order and pay using credit or debit cards. Physical environment. Argos invested in improvements to make shops more appealing to consumers. As a result of these implemented changes to Argoss culture and the employment of technology. Argos now out-performs the market as a whole: Between the periods (2002-2003) sales grew by 13% and profits by 17%.  [3]   Sales Marketing For advertising, it (Argos) uses a variety of different media to promote its retail market, such as: television, radio, newspapers, catalogues, magazines, posters and the internet. Depending on which is the most beneficial and efficient at the time. This method of utilizing technology is very effective relating to attracting new and old customers namely by proposing: Value for money Convenience. Marketing managers at Argos are continually concerned with addressing questions such as: Who are our consumers? (Argos wants to discover as much information as possible on its customers in order to meet their requirements.) Are we proposing enough variety of products, appeal and convenience? How can we gain advantages over competition? (How is Argos different from the opposition?) How can we defend what trade we already have and how can we expand? How do we successfully interact with our customers? According to the website, computerworlduk, this year Argoss internet website accounted for 32% of the organisations total sales, 22% of which used the online click and reserve service. This shows how much of a positive impact the technology of the internet has had on this retail giant. However, compared to last years same interim sales review this year was 11% down, but despite the 11% fall in profits, online sales had significant growth. Argos sales ( £M): 2006 = 3,859, 2007 = 4,164, 2008 = 4,321, 2009 = 4,282, 2010 = 4,347Description: % Sales across more than one channel: Totals: 2006: 32 2007: 35 2008: 37 2009: 40 2010: 43 2010: Home delivery Store 7.7 Phone 1.6 Internet 9.5 Check Reserve Phone 9.5 Internet 22.5 Sales ( £M) (Picture on left) Definition: Sales in the 52 weeks to 27 February 2010 increased by 1.5% in total. There was further strong growth in televisions and personal computers, offsetting weakness in the video gaming market. Toy sales grew strongly. Challenging market conditions continued in home-related areas such as furniture, but the rate of decline moderated over the year. Source: audited financial statements. Sales across more than one channel (%) (Picture on right) Multi-channel sales grew to  £1.9bn or 43% of Argos sales. The internet represented 32% of Argoss sales; over two-thirds of this or 22% of Argos total sales were customers using online Check Reserve for store collection, with this channel growing by 36% for a second year in a row. Definition: Percentage of sales across more than one channel. There are three ordering channels: the internet, phone or store and two fulfillment channels, store or home delivery. Source: Measured internally. Argos has a multitude of unique marketing and sales strategies in retail. Argoss stated mission statement is: We provide our customers with the best value for money through the most convenient shopping experience. This statement clearly sets out the main areas which differentiate Argos from its rivals, namely by offering its customers. As stated in 2002 by managing director of Argos, Kate Swann. Customers can: Pick up a catalogue Choose at home (internet) Use a store to collect or order Use a store for collection point Order at home (telephone) Use home delivery She also specified that Argoss drivers for growth were: Small kitchen appliances (which it was in top position in 2001 for both value and volume) Beds and mattresses Watches Jewellery Portable audio Toys Retail Structure Tesco was the first to use such a structure; by combining its online website(s) with its supermarkets. Argos most likely adopted this similar strategy based on Tescos overwhelming success. However, Argos retail stores have minimal staff (unlike Tesco), and exploit technology to its full potential (like Tesco and Amazon). On an independent case study by Databank Consulting, they stated that: Argoss business model is a multi-channel approach: customers are offered different types of outlets for shopping. Prior to the introduction of the new e-channels, the customers could only browse the offer in the catalogue or directly at the store  [4]   They also suggested that Argoss success as a retailer has been based on its influential decision to adopt a technological based approach, by stating: The Argos website was launched in 1995à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Nearly 10 years later, Argos can be called a pioneer and leader in e-commerce. With www.Argos.co.uk, the company became UKs number two Clicks and Bricks retailer, combining both store based and online sales.  [5]   Before its decision to introduce a system called Nominated Carrier Scheme, the problem of receiving and delivering products was problematic and complicated, because every supplier has its own form of transportation, its specific method of documenting and specific time schedules. The decision was therefore to adopt a single system to bring together all the produce from suppliers and have them offered as only one delivery. This stock chain solution by UPS receives, validates and handles shipments from several hundred Argos suppliers. UPS then checks that the order is accurate, merges it with other orders and then sends it to Argoss own warehouses for the final delivery. Possible Improvements Argos could implement an improved stock ordering and restocking system. Argos stated that it would continue to roll out a voice put away process across all stores over the next two years. They then went on to say: This technology (voice put away) helps to automatically guide stock room assistants to the correct location  [6]   The key benefits of this technology would be; quicker processing and enhanced stock accuracy, thereby improving availability of stock and the level of customer satisfaction. Another possible improvement could be directed towards their gaming sector; as this is one of the areas they do not perform well in. They could do this by adopting a similar strategy to gaming stores like; Gamestation or Granger games. Which will include a trade in system for games and the value of the trade in(s) would be deducted from their chosen purchase from the Argos stores. Argos could then go on to sell the traded in games. The key benefits of this adopted strategy would be; increased sales at Argos as many people who buy games would be more inclined to shop there, increased revenue and a larger share of the gaming market. Conclusion Overall, this organisation effectively utilizes technology for growth, stability and convenience for both Argos and its customers. Argos has gained competitive advantage over competitors by distinguishing itself on the basis of providing the best value for money for customers through the most convenient shopping experience  [7]  . Tesco was one of the first organisation giants to integrate its already existing chain of supermarkets with a virtual online one, Argos uses the similar strategy but with a difference; convenience of reserving products online and collecting at the customers nearest retail store (there Click and Reserve service). The dominance and success of Argos (and other organisations like Tesco and Amazon) are a result of each of them applying their own unique shopping experience  [8]  . Argos is popular and successful because it is focused around meeting the customers needs. By incorporating new technologies, Argos continues to provide the methods that are most appropriate to the modern-day retailing experience.

Looking for Dr. Fuller :: Buckminster Fuller Essays

Looking for Dr. Fuller It's the next to next to last day of English 381: The Personal Essay. We're reading Annie Dillard's Teaching A Stone to Talk and I call attention to a blurb on the jacket by Edward Albee. A student notes asks about another quotation from Dr. R. Buckminster Fuller. She doesn't know who Fuller is, and no one else in the class does either, but the running speculation is that he's a fundamentalist evangelist, a sort of Dr. Norman Vincent Peale. I fumble for an explanation of Fuller--architect, philosopher, voice of a generation like Dr. Spock. I joke that I should bring in my Whole Earth Catalog so I can illustrate my remarks. I explain that Fuller invented the geodesic dome and when some in the class aren't certain what that is, I scrawl a bad drawing on the board. Finally someone saves me by mentioning Epcot Center, and we go off awhile on that. I mention that another dome much closer is in Downs, Illinois, ten miles down the road in a one-tavern town. Here is an essay possibility, the connection between Epcot Center and Downs, Illinois. But that's not the road to travel in this essay. At the library I plug Fuller's name into the computer. Twenty books pop up, their call numbers ranging from C, to H, to P, to T, and I suddenly recognize a title Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth, its publication place of Carbondale reminding me that Fuller taught at Southern Illinois University. There's a picture of his geodesic dome house in Carbondale, by the way, in the plates between pages 96 and 97 of Ideas and Integrities: A Spontaneous Autobiographical Disclosure. For kicks I also ask the computer to find The Whole Earth Catalog, call number AP2.W5. My book search will take me, then, to five different floors. The Whole Earth Catalog is yellowing and brittle. Its publishers, the Portola Institute, probably didn't expect back in 1969 that the they would show up on university library shelves, and so they didn't bother with acid-free paper. When I flip through the pages I remember the day I bought a copy myself, a later edition, at least, in 1975 and, reading, through it, came upon a recipe for baking bread, from the Tassajara Bread Book. It was summer. Breaking bread sounded like a righteous thing for a college freshman to do and so in my mother's kitchen I measure yeast and molasses and water and whole wheat and salt and oil and kneaded out six loaves.

Capitalism :: essays research papers

Capitalism A form of economic order characterized by private ownership of the means of production and the freedom of private owners to use, buy and sell their property or services on the market at voluntarily agreed prices and terms, with only minimal interference with such transactions by the state or other authoritative third parties. Communism 1.Any ideology based on the communal ownership of all property and a classless social structure, with economic production and distribution to be directed and regulated by means of an authoritative economic plan that supposedly embodies the interests of the community as a whole. Karl Marx is today the most famous early theoretician of communism, but he did not invent the term or the basic social ideals, which he mostly borrowed and adapted from the less systematic theories of earlier French utopian socialists -- grafting these onto a philosophical framework Marx derived from the German philosophers Hegel and Feuerbach, while adding in a number of economic theories derived from his reinterpretation of the writings of such early political economists such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo. In most versions of the communist utopia, everyone would be expected to co-operate enthusiastically in the process of production, but the individual citizen's equal rights of access to consumer goods would be completely unaffected by his/her own individual contribution to production -- hence Karl Marx's famous slogan "From each according to his ability; to each according to his need." The Marxian and other 19th century communist utopias also were expected to dispense with such "relics of the past" as trading, money, prices, wages, profits, interest, land-rent, calculations of profit and loss, contracts, banking, insurance, lawsuits, etc. It was expected that such a radical reordering of the economic sphere of life would also more or less rapidly lead to the elimination of all other major social problems such as class conflict, political oppression, racial discrimination, the inequality of the sexes, religious bigotry, and cultural backwardness -- as well as put an end to such more "psychological" forms of suffering as alienation, anomie, and feelings of powerlessness. 2.The specifically Marxist-Leninist variant of socialism which emphasizes that a truly communist society can be achieved only through the violent overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a "dictatorship of the proletariat" that is to prepare the way for the future idealized society of communism under the authoritarian guidance of a hierarchical and disciplined Communist Party.

Hypertext’s Influence on Authorship :: Internet Authors Writing Essays Cause Effect

Hypertext’s Influence on Authorship The history of writing technologies has resulted in many changes in the way we view writing. One aspect of writing that that has seen a change as a result of writing technology is the notion of who can be a writer. Throughout history there seems to have been a trend writing technologies have followed. Each advancement in writing technology seems to have allowed authorship to a greater amount of people. First the invention of the book allowed for the first authors to record their ideas in a fixed medium. Then the invention of the printing press took the ability to make text from few well-trained bookmakers to anyone who owned a printing press. This led to a dramatic increase in the amount of books being created, resulting in a rapid proliferation of knowledge in the world. Many have theorized the next great revolution in writing technologies will be the Internet. Just like the printing press, the Internet is changing the notion of who can be an author. Today, anyone with Internet access can get his or her ideas on a web page. Posting ones thoughts, ideas, or writing online is in many ways similar to being published: Millions of people have access to posted writings to read, think about, and unlike a published book readers can even respond directly to the author. This new revolution raises a question. If anyone can make a web page and post their writing online for all to see, what happens to the notion of the author? It seems the authority that comes with being a published author is being threatened. Bolter explores this idea in the following passage of his book Writing Space â€Å"Those theorist specifically working on hypertext†¦have succeeded in portraying electronic writing as a medium that questions authority and fixity. For them, electronic writing reforms print by replacing the qualities of authority and fixity with t he flexibility and responsiveness that we have seen in literary hypertext†(165). If an author wished to get his or her writing and ideas out to a mass audience in the past the only way to do this was go through a publishing company. The publishing company would then pick and choose what it thought was worthy of being published.

A Comparison of T. Thomas Fortune and Booker T. Washington

Alex Roth White Power/Black Leadership November 14, 2007 Booker T. Washington and T. Thomas Fortune Though not as well known today as many of his contemporaries, T. Thomas Fortune was the foremost African American journalist of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Using his editorial position at a series of black newspapers in New York City, Fortune established himself as a leading spokesman and defender of the rights of African Americans in both the South and the North (wikipedia). The life of T Thomas Fortune spanned several significant periods in American history. His seventy-two years included the experiences of slavery, Reconstruction, â€Å"the Nadir,† and the Harlem Renaissance. In varying degrees, these opposing periods in time influenced and determined the direction of Fortune's life and the realization if his identity as an â€Å"Afro-American. † On the other hand, one of the most influential, celebrated, and criticized black leaders of the twentieth century was Booker T. Washington. Few public figures in African American life during the period of post-slavery excited as much passion and misunderstanding as Washington. Born a slave and deprived of any early education, he became America’s foremost black educator of the late 1890s and early 1900s, introducing the nation to his own brand of education and reform for the post-Civil War United States. Besides using his journalistic pulpit to demand equal economic opportunity for blacks and equal protection under the law, T. Thomas Fortune founded the Afro-American League, an equal rights organization that preceded the Niagara Movement and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), to extend this battle into the political arena (Thornbrough). However, his great hopes for the league never materialized, and he gradually began to abandon his militant position in favor of educator/activist Booker T. Washington's compromising, accommodationist stance (Thornbrough). Fortune's later years, wracked by alcohol abuse, depression, and poverty, precipitated a decline in his once-prominent reputation as well. Washington’s career, on the other hand, was no less successful or influential than that of Fortune’s. He was the founder, first teacher, and principal of the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, which later became the staple for almost all southern black education. Here Washington instituted his belief in vocational training as a means for black self-reliance, as well as a way to further the black community through providing services people of all races could benefit from (Washington). He became a well-known orator throughout his career, wrote a best-selling autobiography (Up From Slavery, 1901), and advised Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft on race relations in the United States. Later in his life Washington was given the nickname of â€Å"The Great Accommodator† which provides an indication of why later black influences, such as W. E. B. Du Bois and the N. A. A. C. P. so heavily criticized his leadership (Du Bois). Washington was the driving force behind the Tuskegee machine from 1891 until his death in 1915, constantly controlling every operation that occurred at the school. Together these two men helped to shape the landscape of the black community for years after their deaths and as will be shown when their paths crossed during the courses of their lives, sparks flew, tempers flared, and the history of Black America was changed forever. Timothy Thomas Fortune was born a slave in Marianna, Florida on October 3, 1858 (Thornbrough 3). Early in his boyhood he was exposed to the three factors that later dominated his life – journalism, white racism, and politics. Fortune was only five years old when slavery was abolished in 1863 by the Emancipation Proclamation. His father, Emanuel Fortune, was a literate slave artisan and one of two African Americans elected as delegates to the 1868 state's constitutional convention and a member of the Florida House of Representatives, and his mother, Sarah Jane Moore, was a slave. Fortune was raised amid tumultuous times in Reconstruction Florida (12). Southern whites, resentful of black political participation, intimidated blacks through acts of violence; Jackson County, the Fortunes' hometown, witnessed some of the worst examples. The Fortune family escaped with their lives, losing their home and profitable farm as they were forced to emigrate to Jacksonville, Florida to start a new life (23). . The young Fortune obtained his education in Florida through a variety of avenues both formal and informal. While in Marianna and Jacksonville he attended Freedmen's Bureau schools and picked up knowledge of the printer's trade from observation in the office of the Marianna Courier (wikipedia). This printing shop was the first of several in which T. Thomas Fortune worked and learned the trade. At the age of thirteen he began his political apprenticeship in Tallahassee, Florida where he was a page in the State Senate and learned first-hand about political corruption and the exploitation of blacks by whites in politics. Fortune's distrust of political parties and his attitude toward race relations were influenced greatly by his teen years in the State Capitol (Thornbrough 34). He also preferred to spend his time hanging around the offices of various local newspapers rather than in school. As a result, he left Florida in 1876 at the age of 19 and enrolled at Howard University during the winter 1874 term to study law. He changed to journalism after two semesters, but a lack of money limited his stay at Howard (40). While enrolled at school he spent part of his time working in the print shop of the People's Advocate, an early black newspaper, where his love of journalism flourished. In 1877 while still in Washington D. C. , Fortune married his long-time sweetheart from Florida, Carrie Smiley (wikipedia). For the next two years he taught school in Florida and worked for the Jacksonville Daily Union as a printer. In 1878 Fortune traveled to New York, where he was hired to the staff of the New York Sun, eventually working his way up to the editorial staff as those around him began to recognize his incredible abilities as a writer and journalist (Thornbrough). A few years later in 1881 Fortune, along with George Parker and Walter Sampson began the newspaper the New York Globe, where Fortune soon became the editor. The New York Globe and its successors, the New York Freeman in 1884 and the New York Age in 1887, would establish Fortune as the head of black journalists (50). One of the reasons that these papers were so successful was their high literary quality and relentless editing by Fortune. At this time he began to establish himself as a leading voice in the fight against American racism and wrote several editorials that argued for equal treatment and protection of the black community. Under his leadership, the New York Globe and its predecessors were regarded as the most distinguished Afro-American papers in the nation (wikipedia). While editor of the New York Globe, Fortune attacked Republicans for not caring â€Å"a snap of the finger† for Negroes and he called upon blacks to form a â€Å"new honest party. Unlike most African Americans of his era, he felt no special affinity or loyalty fort the Republican Party (Fortune). While most black leaders and black newspapers felt an allegiance to the party of Abraham Lincoln, Fortune denounced the Compromise of 1877, when the Republicans ended Reconstruction and sacrificed the constitutional righ ts of southern blacks. He believed that the period of Reconstruction had not sufficiently given the black community an opportunity to establish a base for their future in this country (93). Fortune’s ability to mobilize the black population through the press and other political actions created a desire for the creation of an Afro-American League (Thornbrough). In December of 1889, more than one hundred delegates from twenty-three states met in Chicago to organize the league. The group’s goal was to attain full citizenship and equality for the black community. However, after much effort to organize chapters and raise funds, the league failed, but paved the way for others, such as the Niagara Movement and the N. A. A. C. P. , which is still in action to this day (67). In 1895, the prominent black leader Frederick Douglass died, making Fortune the most well-known militant black spokesperson in the North. However, this came at the price of Republican funding, since Fortune was an independent political thinker, effectively putting his newspapers into financial crisis and forcing him to depend on Booker T. Washington for small sums of money (wikipedia). At this point in their lives both Fortune and Washington were at the peaks of their influential campaigns, trying to make a difference for the black community. I would now like to talk about the background of our other black leader, Booker T. Washington, in order for the reader to get a sense of his upbringing and beliefs before the pair is compared. Booker Taliaferro Washington was born in 1856 on a slave plantation in Virginia (Washington 7). He was about ten years old when in 1865 the Union defeated the Rebels, ending the Civil War and essentially freeing the southern slaves. Soon after this Washington’s family settled in West Virginia. This is the time in Booker’s life when he began to have a thirst for learning, so he asked his mother for a Webster’s â€Å"blue back† spelling book, which put him on the track to greatness (18). Washington one day overheard discussion of a school for blacks called Hampton Institute, and he promptly determined that he would seek a formal education there. Before going to Hampton, Washington worked for a second time in the home of a white family, in this case as a houseboy for General Lewis Ruffner and his wife, Viola, owners of the local mines (Washington 24). Here he learned the importance of strict discipline and form, something that he took with him for the rest of his life and readily applied to his everyday endeavors. In 1872 he set out for Hampton Institute. When his money gave out, he worked at odd jobs. Sleeping under wooden sidewalks, begging rides, and walking, he traveled the remaining 80 miles and asked for admission and assistance (26). After Hampton officials tested him by having him clean a room, he was admitted and given work as a janitor. This is when Booker was noticed for his diligence, hard work, and attention to detail, all characteristics that he emphasized in every aspect of his life. Hampton Institute, founded in 1868 by a former Union general, emphasized manual training. The students learned useful trades and earned their way. Washington studied brick masonry along with collegiate courses. Graduating in 1876, he taught in a rural school for two years (40). Studying at Wayland Seminary in Washington, D. C. , he became disenchanted with classical education, considering his fellow students to be dandies more interested in making an impression and living off the black masses than in serving mankind. He became convinced that practical, manual training in rural skills and crafts would save his race, not higher learning divorced from the reality of the black man's downtrodden existence. In 1879 he was invited to teach at Hampton Institute, particularly to supervise 100 Native Americans admitted experimentally (Washington 47). He proved a great success in his two years on the faculty. In 1881 citizens in Tuskegee, Alabama, asked Hampton's president to recommend a white man to head their new black college; he suggested Washington instead. The school had an annual legislative appropriation of $2, 000 for salaries, but no campus, buildings, pupils, or staff (Washington 51). Washington had to recruit pupils and teachers and raise money for land, buildings, and equipment. Under Washington's leadership (1881-1915), Tuskegee Institute became an important force in black education. Tuskegee pioneered in agricultural extension, sending out demonstration wagons that brought better methods to farmers and sharecroppers. Graduates founded numerous â€Å"little Tuskegees (wikipedia). † African Americans mired in the poverty and degradation of cotton sharecropping improved their farming techniques, income, and living conditions. Washington urged them to become capitalists, founding the National Negro Business League in 1900. By 1915 Tuskegee had 1, 500 students and a larger endowment than any other black institution (wikipedia). At this point in Washington’s journey he begins to kindle a friendship with a black journalist from New York named T. Thomas Fortune. Washington and Fortune seemingly made strange friends. Apparent opposites – the former a soft-spoken accommodationist and the latter a militant agitator – in actuality, they were very good friends who corresponded almost daily throughout the 1890s. Their relationship was based on mutual affection, mutual self-interest, similar backgrounds, and the same ultimate goals for people of color (Thornbough). Born as slaves in the same year and growing up in the Reconstruction South, both men felt a deep obligation to their native region and a duty to improve the condition of southern blacks. Washington provided a model for the black community after his own life. He believed that blacks should work their way from the bottom up because that is where they stood in the first place. He proclaimed that there was honor, duty, and merit to be found in performing challenging, hard work (Washington 37-38). At Tuskegee Booker reinforced the fact that blacks should not feel undignified about taking part in manual labor, but instead learn to love it. Washington also emphasized the importance of personal hygiene to each of his students, stating that â€Å"Absolute cleanliness of the body has been insisted upon from the first. (Washington 81). This belief stemmed from the thought that being presentable and personally responsible for one’s appearance would lead to a more civilized environment for all men and women (80). He believed that to do something that the world needed was the greatest way to earn merit and become rewarded in society. He also believed that blacks should become economically viable before attempting any ventures into politics. Washington stated that black rights would come at a slow and steady pace and that blacks should wait before becoming involved with political affairs (Washington 85). This accomodationist attitude was not favored by many in the black community, including Fortune’s militant beliefs of agitation. Booker’s motto was â€Å"hand, head, and heart,† meaning that that all things should start through the dignified duties of performing tasks the world needs done (42). He believed in an industrial education where his students were prepared for the real world and able to make a contribution not only to themselves, but the black community as a whole. Like Washington, Fortune emphasized the importance of education and believed that practical vocational training was the immediate educational need for blacks as they emerged from slavery (wikipedia). He, too, counseled success through thrift, hard work, and the acquisition of land, believing that education and economic progress were necessary before blacks could attain full citizenship rights. Although the two leaders played different roles and presented contrasting public images, their alliance was mutually useful. Fortune was editor of the leading black newspaper, and Washington needed the Age to present and defend his ideas and methods. Fortune also helped edit Washington's speeches and was the ghostwriter for books and articles appearing under his name, including A New Negro for a New Century and The Negro in Business (Thornbrough). Similarly, as Washington's reputation and influence grew, particularly in Republican circles, he could be a powerful friend. For years he secretly subsidized the Age, helping to keep it solvent. Fortune hoped for Washington's intercession with President Theodore Roosevelt for a permanent political appointment, but all he received was a temporary mission to the Philippines in 1903 (wikipedia). Fortune's dependency on Washington continued to grow. He bought an expensive house, Maple Hill, in Red Bank, New Jersey, in 1901. Its mortgage payments, added to the financial woes of the Age, compounded his monetary problems. As attacks mounted on Washington for his accommodationist methods, Fortune felt compelled to defend his friend. But Washington's more militant black critics, notably W. E. B. Du Bois and the leaders of the 1905 Niagara Movement, simply denounced Fortune as an untrustworthy, former â€Å"Afro-American agitator (Du Bois 69). A new generation of black leaders was appearing, and Fortune's influence was beginning to wane. He broke with Washington and joined members of the Niagara Group in criticizing President Roosevelt's discharge of black troops following a riot in Brownsville, Texas, in 1906. Needing Washington's support though ideologically drawn to his detractors, Fortune faced a crossroads: his life began to disintegrate. Disillusioned and discouraged after h is long efforts on behalf of black America, he separated from his wife, increased his heavy drinking, and suffered what his contemporaries described as a nervous breakdown (Thornbrough). Washington took control of the Age in 1907 by becoming one of the principal stockholders. Later that year Fortune sold his interest in the paper to Fred R. Moore, who became the new editor. This effectively ended Fortune's influence as a black leader. From time to time he found work as an editorial writer and correspondent for the Age and the Amsterdam News. He edited the Washington Sun for a few months before it folded (Thornbrough). Slowly he recovered and in 1919 he joined the staff of the Norfolk Journal and Guide, continuing to write commentaries and editorials for the rest of his life. He became editor of Negro World, black nationalist leader Marcus Garvey's publication, in 1923, remaining there until his death in 1928, but not before the pioneer activist had joined the ranks of Washington's critics, apologized for his ideological waywardness, and observed that â€Å"all along the way I have shaken the trees and others have gathered the fruit (Fortune). † Many critics agree that it was all but impossible for anyone to achieve the ambitious goals Fortune had set given the climate of the times in which he lived. When he abandoned his militant ideology to promote Washington's more accommodationist methods, Fortune destroyed his own credibility as a leader and his personal integrity as well. This was something he could not live with, and it seemed to destroy him. As Emma Lou Thornbrough wrote in her biography T. Thomas Fortune: Militant Journalist, â€Å"Unable to bend as Washington had, he was broken. Before he was thirty years old Timothy Thomas Fortune was widely acclaimed as the most able and influential black journalist of his times and was seen by some as a possible successor to Frederick Douglass. As an editor in New York toward the end of the nineteenth century, he sought to use the press as a vehicle for mobilizing black public opinion to support his militant ideology and for establishing himself as spokesman for and defender of the rights of Afro-Americans in the South as well as in the North. He viewed political action as necessary for achieving his ideological goals as well as an instrument for fulfilling his own personal aspirations. He also conceived of a national organization as a means of carrying out his aims and led in the formation of the National Afro-American League. His political ambitions were thwarted as were his hopes for the League, and in later years his reputation as a militant and uncompromising champion of the rights of blacks was compromised by his ties with Booker T. Washington, with whom his career became inextricably linked. This seeming paradoxical relationship between the two men grew out of the interest that each had in furthering his own career as well as out of mutual respect and affection. But as Washington's prestige and power grew, Fortune's influence and reputation declined (19). Although outwardly conciliatory, Washington secretly financed and encouraged attempts and lawsuits to block southern moves to disfranchise and segregate blacks. He had lost two wives by death and married a third time in 1893. His death on Nov. 14, 1915, cleared the way for blacks to return to Douglass's tactics of agitating for equal political, social, and economic rights (wikipedia). In 1895 Washington gave his famous â€Å"Atlanta Compromise† speech (Washington 99). Although he shared the late Frederick Douglass's long-range goals of equality and integration, Washington renounced agitation and protest tactics. He urged blacks to subordinate demands for political and social rights, concentrating instead on improving job skills and usefulness. â€Å"The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory just now is worth infinitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera-house,† he said (101). He appealed to white people to rely on loyal, proven black workers, pointing out that the South would advance to the degree that blacks were allowed to secure education and become productive. Washington's position so pleased whites, North and South, that they made him the new black spokesman. He became powerful, having the deciding voice in Federal appointments of African Americans and in philanthropic grants to black institutions (wikipedia). Through subsidies or secret partnerships, he controlled black newspapers, stifling critics. Overawed by his power and hoping his tactics would work, many blacks went along. However, increasingly during his last years, such black intellectuals as W. E. B. Du Bois, John Hope, and William Monroe Trotter denounced his surrender of civil rights and his stressing of training in crafts, some obsolete, to the neglect of liberal education (Du Bois 73). Opposition centered in the Niagara Movement, founded in 1905, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which succeeded it in 1910. In the Atlanta Exposition speech Booker speaks of the progress of the black community ahs made since the end of the Civil War. He had created the Negro Business League, where black businesses were able to get money and become established through the aid of other black businesses. He also stated his theory of education needing to be industrial, so that young blacks could become independent by providing services the world needs. However, this progress seemed to be tainted because there was very little room for growth, especially in industry and politics. Here it is said that Booker became known as an accomodationist. He made statements during the speech that lead others in the black community to criticize his leadership and future goals of the race as a whole. He said that blacks got as much out of slavery as whites, meaning that they had skills others did not possess (Washington 14). He also stated that he opposed slavery, but was not bitter about the entire nation under this hierarchal control. He thought that blacks should not ask for many rights or privileges because he did not want to annoy them. This view differed completing from those of T. Thomas Fortune because he believed in a more militant approach to the gaining of political and social rights (Bracey et. al. 213) . In â€Å"We Know Our Rights and Have the Courage to Defend Them† he presents a black nationalist view of the United States after the Civil War and Reconstruction (Bracey et. l. 213) . Booker also shared in this view, stating the â€Å"we are a nation within a nation,† although many educated blacks wanted to be seen as Americans. In this writing, Fortune wanted to press the case for black rights, sharing a spirit of agitation with the black community, something that differed heavily from the teachings of Washington (214). Fortune wanted to stir things up by challenging blacks to have manhood and to stand up to white prejudice that they witnessed in their everyday lives, coming up with an actual program to aid this progress (217). First, he represses voter intimidation of the blacks in the South. Second, he discourages the reign of the lynch and mob laws. And third, he discusses the unequal distribution of school funds to black educational endeavors, such as the Tuskegee Institute. Fortune believed that many of these issues were worth fighting for and if the black community could act in solidarity they would eventually achieve their goals (Bracey et. al. 218). The relationship between Fortune and Washington was, to say the least, a tumultuous one, riddled with disagreements and hardships. T. Thomas Fortune was much more outspoken and militant than was his friend Washington, who preferred a less hostile method of progressivism. These men both live incredibly different lives, but were connected by their beliefs in creating a better world for the black community, through political, social, and economic change. Their work will never be forgotten and will be able to be seen well into the future as blacks are continuing to forge ahead, making the world a place that both T. Thomas Fortune and Booker T. Washington could be proud of. Works Cited Washington, Booker T. Up From Slavery. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc, 1996. Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Bedford/St. Martins, 1997. Fortune, Thomas T. Black and White: Land, Labor, and Politics in the South. New York: Arno Press, 1968. Thornbrough, Emma Lou. T. Thomas Fortune: Militant Journalist. New York: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Bracey, John H. , August Meier, and Elliot Rudwick. Black Nationalism in America. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc, 1970 â€Å"Wikipedia. † 9 Nov. 2007

The marshall islands

The Marsh on the whole Islands are locate in the Pacific Ocean, merely magnetic core of the equator. They help organize an realm referred to as Micronesia. The Marsh every last(predicate)s are composed of twenty- nine atolls and basketb every team islands ( Niedenthal, 2008 ) . The both chief atolls are lounge suit and Enewetak. The most historical atoll is bikini.The marshals were foremost notice by the Spanish in the 1600 s and subsequently by the Germans. The islands were chiefly employ for bring forthing copra oil from coconuts. In the primordial 1900 s the Japanese administered to the islands this later became a military station in forethought for WWII. The Japanese set up telephone exchange offices on the Kwajalein atoll. In February 1944, the U.S. captured Kwajalein atoll and ended the Nipponese clasp on the Marshall Islands. unless five Nipponese head for the hills forces inhabited on bikini, and they committed self-destruction to avoid being captured. In declination 1945, President Truman issued a directing to prove atomic bombs. two-piece atoll was chosen due to its distant mend from regular air and sea paths ( Niedenthal, 2008 ) .In February 1946, Commodore Ben H. Wyatt went to two-piece suit to inquire the two-piece suitans if they would be instinctive to relocate temporarily. Commodore Wyatt explained that the testing would be done, for the strong of all world and to stop all universe wars. ( Niedenthal, 2008 ) King Juda spoke for the two-pieceans stating, We provide conk believing that everything is in the custodies of God. ( Niedenthal, 2008 ) . As the 167 two-pieceans prepared to relocate every second gear many as 42,000 U.S. military and noncombatant forces bunkd in.The bequest of two-piece began in border district of 1946 this is when they were foremost removed from the island in planning for Operation Crossroads. In this readying the lounge suitans were moved 125 stat mis eastward to Rongerik atoll. Rong erik was unsettled due to the belief that evil liquors dwelled at that place. The U.S. left the lounge suitans with merely several(prenominal) hebdomads deserving of solid food, and after two months they were enduring from starvation.In July King Juda be activeed pole to lounge suit with a U.S. authorities delegate. At this point, the second atomic bomb, codification name Baker, had been detonated and Bikini looked the same. The first bomb was called Able. Both bombs were close to the size of the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. The nourishing deficit on Rongerik worsened from December 1946 through January 1947. because in whitethorn 1947, the Binikians saw more(prenominal) desolation. A large fire damaged a extended bulk of the coconut trees. In July a U.S. medical officer visited the island, and by crepuscule the U.S. research workers decided to travel the Bikinians. This decorate the Bikinians would be moved to Ujelang atoll. Before the move to Ujelang, the Bikinians began constructing places and communities. Then by the terminal of 1947 the U.S. selected Enewetak atoll as a 2nd exam site. The nation on Enewaetak were moved to Ujelang, and began populating in the places and communities that the Bikinians had make for themselves. In March 1948, the Bikinians were moved to Kwajalein atoll. However, they did non remain on Kwajalein long by November 1948 the Bikinians were change of location to Kili Islands. Once at a clock more, their nourishing ply became short and stack faced famishment ( Niedenthal, 2008 ) .In January 1954, the U.S. military went to Rongerik to put up a conditions station to supervise conditions in readying for Operation Castle. The conditions conditions were monitored multiple measure a cardinal hours as the trial day of the month for the applaud guess got closer. The midnight briefing indicated that the air currents were headed for Rongelap and to the E of at that place. It was recognized that both Bikini and Ene man islands would prob fit be contaminated ( Niedenthal, 2008 ) .March 1, 1954, Bravo was detonated off the northwesterly corner of Bikini. The work forces on U.S. military ships stationed 40 stat mis confederation and east of Bikini were coordinateed to travel below deck and seal all Windowss and doors due to the degrees of radiation. Bravo was a megabyte times more powerful than pad Man and Little Boy use on Japan. The white ash, autumn out, uncivilised every bit far as 125 stat mis to the E of Bikini atoll, which is Rongelap Atoll. The mastery of the blast was far greater than expected. some(prenominal) people had been exposed to this big sum of radiation, and none of them had received any circular from the U.S. authorities. In late March the off- border zones were expanded to include Rongeik, Utirik, Ujelang, and Likiep. No 1 had been abandond from these islands prior to the blast. In the spring of 1954, Bikar, Ailinginae, Rongelap, and Rogerik were all contaminated by the Yankee and juncture bombs ( Niedenthal, 2008 ) .In January 1955, on the island of Kili, it was going more and more hard to acquire the nutrient to the Bikinians. The U.S. so gave the Bikinians a orbiter federation on Jaluit Atoll. During this clip the Bikinians signed everywhere full usage rights to Bikini Atoll. In late 1957 Typhoon Lola hit Kili, droping the Bikinians supply ship. Then in 1958, Typhoon Ophelia hit Jaluit. The Bikinians were forced to travel substantiate to Kili, and conflict unequal nutrient supply throughout 1960 ( Niedenthal, 2008 ) . The followers is a list of important day of the months and events for the Marshall IslandersJune 1968 President Lyndon B. Johnson promised the 540 Bikinians they could return to Bikini.August 1969 An eight class program was prepared for relocation of Bikini Atoll.Late 1969 The first modify up portray was complete1971 The relocation program came to a arrest.1972 cocoa palm trees were planted and people moved back to Bikini.June 1975 Bikini is said to be hotter and besides contaminated.May 1977 Degree of radioactive Sr 90 exceeded U.S. upper limit allowed bounds. The Bikinians were limited to arrive at one coconut a twenty-four hours due to a buildup of caesium from eating multiple coconuts ( Kristof, 1997 ) .September 1978 Bikini Atoll is evacuated once more.1980- 1987 The Bikinians filed a case, the case was dismissed, and eventually the Bikinians received two trust financess for compensation.1990 s Bikini starts a touristry plan ( Niedenthal, 2008 ) .1996 Bikini was able to supply a diving event plan. Bikini got a new power workings and a fresh H2O performance unit.2001 Bikini took over direction of the dive plan.2003-2004 All honkytonk installations on Bikini were upgraded.2007 Ascents across the atoll continue.The people of Bikini quiet down remain scattered waiting for the clean up to get down once more. It has non begun once more due to the deficiency of support by the U.S. ( Re settlement platform to Date ) .The grime on Bikini Atoll is contaminated and there have been several proposals for how to clean the ungraded. One suggested method is to evacuate the island and take the tinkers dam to a deepness of 15 inches which would more than probably sacrifice the island like a barren of sand. A 2nd suggested method is to non evacuate just to grate the dirt in a hodgepodge manner one country at a clip. A tertiary method is to besides grate the dirt simply to travel the contaminated dirt to the Bravo crater. A 4th method is to distribute K fertiliser on the dirt. The braid allow prefer the K over the caesium ( The Radiological cleaning and Future Plans for Bikini Atoll ) .It is unsure if the people of Bikini Atoll will of all time be able to populate at that place once more. If they had the proper support, they would be able to properly clean the dirt and finally travel back to Bikini Atoll. Bikini Atoll is presently unfastened to tourers. The atoll s H2O is clean and unfastened to frogmans. plot plunging, tourers can see a diversity of ships, the universe s lone aircraft bearer, and pigboats ( Bikini radiological ) . Hopefully sometime in the new hereafter the Bikinians will have the support they need in order to complete the relocation of Bikini Atoll and will be able to travel back to their island and restart their diet of coconutsPlants CitedKristof, N. D. ( 1997, March 5 ) . An Atomic Age Eden ( but Do nt Eat the Coconuts ) . Retrieved March 3, 2010, from The peeled York Times www.nytimes.com/1997/03/05/world/an-atomic-age-eden-but-don-t-eat-the-coconutsNiedenthal, J. ( 2008, March ) . pithy History of the People of Bikini Atoll. Retrieved March 3, 2010, from Bikini Atoll www.bikiniatoll.com/history.htmlResettlement Program to Date. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved March 3, 2010, from Bikini Atoll www.bikiniatoll.com/resettle.htmlThe Radiological Cleanup and Future Plans for Bikini Atoll. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved March 3, 2010, from Bikini Atoll www.bikiniatoll.com/radclean.html

Abortion in the United States Essay

Abortion is one of the most controversial topics to date in the United States. Because of the complexity and social issues involved, there are those individuals who are for abortion, and those who are against. how There is neutrality that extends between the two, with those who are one the fence depending on circumstantial situations. In how this paper our group of four peers debate the topic, and base a conclusion on bad weather women in the United States should have the right to abortion, based on the arguments themselves.It should remain legal.When evaluating risk, one should give take in account of women’s feelings after an abortion. Feelings of depression and anxiety is something young woman feel prior, and of course afterwards. Women sometimes choose abortions because of medical issues with the babies, or horrifying circumstances leading to the unwanted pregnancy. Henry P.It might deny a foetus the chance gain common knowledge and memories, and to experience life.

Usual feelings after an abortion is relief, loss, sadness, and grief.It is okay to grieve and you should give yourself time to grieve. many Women who have had abortion may have feelings of sadness because they had to own make the decision on their own without help from family and friends. Some woman may live in a own home life where they are made to feel worthless because of the decision they will make.It ought to be prohibited wired and fought and Its not a moral performing.Abortions are performed with in the first 9 weeks of pregnancy. Early termination the better is for the woman, less complications. Most woman receiving their abortion within the first 9 weeks report no complications afterwards. Less than 0.Several have pondered upon the importance of abortion.

Deciding to have an abortion is an important decision in itself and having others dictate you can or cannot choose makes the situation even more confusing.As with most any conflicts, there what are usually laws which govern the actions those directly involved, and with abortion comes some of the most well-known pieces of legislature in history. Today in the United States abortion is legal in every state due to the decision of Roe v. Wade.Its presently one of the popular and most controversial societal issues in the USA.On the same day of the Roe decision, another case in the state3 of Georgia was also decided on, in the case of Doe v Bolton we the state in question also was found to be in violation of the appellants constitutional rights.The twenty Ninth Amendment: The enumeration in the constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage several others retained by the people. The Fourteenth Amendment: Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the U nited States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.Abortion isnt just the legal right of a woman, its the choice of a woman.

The side effects of abortion are sometimes critical. Some of them involve spotting logical and bleeding. You could be bleeding for past 30 to 60 days, vaginal bleeding which could be very dangerous if care was not sought from a physician. Another side affect is headaches and dizziness, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea.Its the selection of a lady in whether part she wants to get one.Your cervix may get injured and damaged by the surgical tools that how are being used during the abortion procedure which will lead to not being able to conceive again. Women who have gone through abortion are at a greater risk of ovarian and cervical cancer. Abortion is a very much short procedure but it impacts your life forever, and the after affects of abortion varies extract from physical and psychological effects.Women may develop an eating disorders, or drugs on alcohol abuse, or they may have flash backs about the procedures themselves.Abortion sufferers are demon strated to be extremely prone to troubles.

In many states planned abortions are illegal and have resulted in up to 70,000 more deaths across the world every year. Many arguments support the issue on abortion. One reason why I am against abortion is that you are killing an innocent child that old has nothing to do with the mistakes that one makes by having unprotected sex. You should not kill an unborn child because you are ashamed and afraid of what people might say about you.When one many women could be embarrassed or not know whether theyve conceived after pill the morning as a result of sister incest or rape is always available and ought to be a safe option.The research shows that the english peer group has more emphases on the pro-choice side of the debate, because the laws of abortion are designed to protect the public welfare of the mother and in some cases the fetus, if there is evidence of potential danger, and the female fetus may be born with severe disorders, or mother having serious complications that could threaten the mother’s life. In the past, abortions were not as safe as they are today due to advanced technologies, making abortion safer than they’ve ever been before.Abortion is sometimes the best course because of medical issues, and sometimes due to other horrifying circumstances in which some women may become pregnant, such as rape, incest, and or other circumstances that may be legitimately valid reasons, and may lessen the quality of life for the child or mother. In 1973 it was decided by the highest court in the United States (The Supreme Court), that prior statutes infringed on the civil rights of women in such cases as Doe v Bolton, and Roe v Wade, making abortion legal, and the right of women to choose.Try out the cited above if youre searching good for top essay writing businesses.

Arguments for Pro Choice. Retrieved from Buzzle.com website: http://www.buzzle.Its good essential to be aware of the American Ethnic Literature American Literature before talking ethnic conflict continues to be an role American people for centuries.(n.d.). In Legal Information Institute.Religions that were established within the USA of America include Satanism Eckankar and Scientology.

html. Dudley, S., Ph.D.There are several reasons why you could be pro-life.d.). Retrieved from multi National Abortion Federation. Revised December 2006.Abortion was legalized in the usa of 1973 on January 22.

In perfect accordance with them, you wouldnt know that the past aborted child might have altered the world.(2012, late April 14). No One Called Me a Slut. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.Human life begins at the time of conception.d.). In Legal additional Information Institute. Retrieved from http://www.

The usa is the most important nation on the planet.They has fought a lot of times for various reasons.html. Sengupta, S. (2010, early June 30). Should Abortion Be Legal.America faces many troubles.