A True Revolution :: essays research papers

A True Revolution â€Å"We the people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Does not that sound like a novel idea! Instead of hearing, â€Å"I, the king,† you now have a document that states that you count. It says that you have choices; you no longer have to listen to this person that gets every little thing that he wants handed to him on a shiny silver platter. He does not even have to obey his own laws and decrees. He gets to do what he wants to do when he wants to do it. It was definitely time for a change. â€Å"We the people,† Such a great beginning for a document that will state the freedoms of a new nation, freshly freed from the bonds that kept them from doing what they wanted to do and trade with whomever they please. This document was a sign that we the people were finally free to live without England breathing down our necks. The government was now beginning to become democratic instead of a monarchy. The people would be able to vote for the person that they thought would do a good job. They would not have to deal with a king that would be replaced with the king’s son when he died. The common man would now be heard, not ignored and mistreated. His vote counted as something now; he was no longer a peasant that did not count. He could now even vote for the President! His vote would now influence who would say that he liked a law and could accept it, or say that he did not like that law and veto it! What power! Anyone could see that America was beginning to change, but not for the worse! The revolution that was illustrated by the words, â€Å"We the people,† was now in full effect. People now had voices and rights that they did not own when they were under the rule of the monarchy. They were no longer peons and peasants! They were now thought of as people, not just objects that were in the king’s way of getting what he wanted.

New Product Launch

NEW PRODUCT LAUNCH: UB GROUP – SOFT DRINK â€Å"MIST† COMPANY OVERVIEW United Breweries Limited (UBL) – has assumed undisputed market leadership with a national market share in excess of 50%. Through a process of aggressive acquisition and market penetration, The UB Group today controls 60% of the total manufacturing capacity for Beer in India. The flagship brand, Kingfisher is now sold in over 52 countries worldwide having received many accolades for its quality. MACRO-ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Political Factors The political forces affect the beer industry to a large extent. The rates of the beer in various parts of the country are affected by the taxes and duties applied by the Govt. The political forces also affect the pricing of the beer by lowering the duties or deregulating the distribution channel. This leads to lower margins for the distribution channel partners. But, as 75% of the Indian market is covered by two players, there hasn’t been a reduction in the margins of the manufacturers. The taxation policies also affect the consumption patterns. Economic Factors India is home to nearly one-sixth of the global population and is one of the most attractive consumer markets in the world today. The total worth of Indian Beer Market is Rs 750 crore. This market is expected to expand by 39% by 2010. The beer consumption has been growing at a CAGR of 7% over last nine years. India provides attractive profit margins due to the consolidated nature of the industry. Various research studies have shown that a rise in the income levels has a direct positive effect on beer consumption. The National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER) projects India's ‘very rich', ‘consuming' and ‘climbers' classes to grow at a CAGR of 15 per cent, 10 per cent and 2 per cent respectively. Thus, India gives ample opportunities for the UB Group to grow. Social Factors A deep-seated traditional social aversion to alcohol consumption has been a traditional feature of the Indian society. However, as urban consumers become more exposed to western lifestyles, through overseas travel and the media, their attitude towards alcohol is relaxing. Social habits are undergoing a transformation as mixed drinks are becoming more popular. The greatest evidence of this trend is the increase in beer consumption among women. More and more women are consuming beer – the penetration in metropolitan areas is almost twice as high as the penetration in other large cities – implying that the greater tolerance towards alcohol consumption in metropolitan areas facilitates the consumption of beer. With increasing urbanisation, this acceptance is only going to rise. As a consequence of the high birth rates prevalent until the 1990s, a large proportion of the Indian population is in the age group of 20-34 years. This age group is the most appropriate target for beer marketers. This population trend will give a further boost to the growth of beer consumption in India. Technological Beer industry is not technology specific. As the UB group is one of the oldest players in the market, they have achieved economies of scale. Thus, technological factor is not of great importance for the beer market. SWOT ANALYSIS PORTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL Threat of new Entrants – Low In India, beer industry is growing with 11% CAGR making it attractive for new players. Strong brands like Kingfisher and Hayward’s which are already established and have strong brand recall will make it tough for new entrants and they are expected to struggle to expand their consumer base as they try to penetrate the beer market in India. Foreign brewers have been eyeing the Indian market for some years now since India is widely acknowledged to be the last untapped big growth market. Several international brewers have built brand associations and are marketing their brands aggressively through various point-of- sale promotions throughout their distribution networks. But with strong players in the market any new entrant will face problems of: a) Economies of scale – For example benefit associated with bulk purchases and sales – create high barriers to the national and global markets ) Cost of entry – For example investment in technology, costs associated with sales c) Distribution channel For example ease of access for competitors d) Government Legislations -Introduction of new laws might weaken have adverse effects e) Differentiation – For example certain brands that cannot be copied f) Supplier power – Possibility of forward integration by supplier Bargaining power of suppliers â₠¬â€œ Low Due to increasing costs of raw material and decreasing cost of barley suppliers, bargaining power of suppliers was high but by doing backward integration, done by acquiring Maltex Malsters Ltd. and shifting their production of beer on malt the company has achieved a hold on its raw material and considerably reduced supplier strength and dependency. Company has also entered into collaboration with Government of Punjab and Haryana for supply of its raw material. Bargaining power of buyers – Moderate This factor measures the extent to which customers are successful in forcing prices down, or securing high quality or more service at the same price. Customers tend to be powerful when the quantities they purchase form a large portion of the seller's total sales. Buyers do have a very clear understanding about the quality and as there are very few players in the market the customer cannot influence the price in any significant way. But while this is true a decline in consumable income shifts consumer preferences away from premium brands to lower-priced brands since the switching costs is low. Due to this the bargaining power of buyer tends to increase. Threat of substitutes – Moderate India is predominantly a spirits market and beer has traditionally been a minority preference for those who consume beverage alcohol. Therefore substitutes are the biggest threat as preference for beer among alcohol beverage drinkers is less but also the low penetration in beer consumption in comparison to international levels offers the potential for substantial and sustainable growth in demand for beer in India for years to come. Rivalry amongst Competitors – Low to Moderate Rivalry is the means through which competitors fight for position by using tactics such as price, competition, advertisement battles, and new product introduction, to lower the profits of competitors in the industry. As stated above CAGR of 11% is expected for beer in the next 5 years due to which many MNCs are eyeing the Indian market. Currently the major rivals for Kingfisher Premium are Budweiser, Carlsberg, Foster and Tiger and for Kingfisher Strong it’s Hayward 2000, Hayward 5000, Palone. SABMiller who came to India by acquiring small breweries and has made its hold as best-selling strong beer brand but still Kingfisher has managed to remain the largest-selling strong beer brand with 29% market share. There are also some small local players hat are in the market but are not much of a threat to Kingfisher. STRATEGIC FIT OF MIST WITH UNITED BREWERIES GROUP The UB Group (United Breweries Group) is a multi-faceted conglomerate with business interests in Beverage Alcohol, Pharmaceuticals, Media, International Trading, Aviation, Fertilizer, Research & Development, and Infrastructure Development with a major focus on the brewery (beer) and alcoholic beverages industry most of which is market ed under the Kingfisher brand. UB Group is already planning to venture into the mineral water segment via the Kingfisher Himalayan Water Brand. Thus strategically thinking Mist will be a perfect fit in the UB Group’s expansion plans. In fact introduction of a soft drink will make UB Group present in all versions of drinks and will be a wonderful way to reach out to customers who admire the Kingfisher brand but do not consume alcoholic beverages. Launching Mist will be a form of line extension and will help it respond to customer’s needs favorably. If we see the attributes of Mist, i. e. adventure, energy, fun and the â€Å"Hat Ke† attitude; it is very much in sync with the existing brand image of UB Group. Mist being a soft drink, it is very necessary to ensure proper distribution of the product. This is where UB Group can use its core competency of having a strong distribution network and bank upon its reputation regarding the stringent quality control measures it follows. Also if we look at the soft drink market, the only direct competitor of Mist is Mountain Dew and the market for soft drinks providing the set of benefits as Mist is in a growth stage. That makes it a perfect moment to introduce a drink like Mist under the Kingfisher brand name. Considering the sync between Mist attributes and Kingfisher’s brand image, we can also use the events held by the UB Group like the Derby, Kingfisher Calendar, IPL matches , functions like the Incredible India Party held last year at Cannes and the TV channel NDTV Good Times to increase awareness about Mist. It can make use of the cricket and Bollywood stars already associated with Kingfisher brand to endorse the product and help build a strong connect with its loyal customers. Added to that serving Mist in the Kingfisher Airlines will be a reat way of making future customers try out the drink. PRODUCT INTRODUCTION Mist is a soft drink that is being launched by UB group under Kingfisher brand. It is a citrus flavoured drink and unlike other soft drinks, it is more carbonated and has high levels of caffeine. MARKETING STRATEGY SEGMENTATION Demographic Segmentation 1. AgeA consumer needs and wants change with age. Hence this segmentation is important for this product. On the bas is of age, we can divide the population into the following categories a. 6-25 years b. Teenagers c. 25 years and above 2. Gender This is an important segmentation since both genders behave and respond differently to same situations. Geographic Segmentation This segment primarily refers to the location of the segments. For our product there will be three segments. a. Urban b. Semi-Urban c. Rural PsychographicSegmentation Here different groups are identified on the basis of personality traits, lifestyle or values. The following segments can be formed: a. Excitement, Adventure seeking, Risk lovers b. Health Conscious . Rebellious d. Fashsionable and stylish For our product, we can begin with demographic segmentation. These segments would be further divided using psychographic segmentation. The product is soft drink, but we will not go in for mass marketing and rather target based on psychographic segmentation. The target would also be different from those of already existing soft drink s. TARGETING Evaluating the above segments on the parameters like Measurable, Substantial, Accessible, Differentiable and Actionable, the target segment for MIST would be: Individuals (both genders) in age range 15-29 in urban areas (this is because the promotional activities would be focused on urban areas only). †¢ Based on market research data, we decided to target people who embrace excitement, adventure and fun. Reasons for choosing this target segment are: †¢ Our market research showed us that there were primarily five different target groups in the market. There was considerable presence of other soft drinks in the other target groups. †¢ Also in urban areas there are very few individuals in the age group 15-29 years who have not heard of Kingfisher; hence this would be our target age group. This segment in India is substantial and would be profitable. †¢ Kingfisher already has large distribution networks for selling its other products in urban areas. Hence there would be little cost of adding distribution channels. †¢ It is also easier to involve people from the aforementioned age group in various promotional activities and also they are easily accessible through internet. So it would be easier reaching across to them. POSITIONING Salient Attributes  · Offer from the Kingfisher brand Higher price for perception of premium quality and difference  · Available only in stylised cans  · Invigorating effect due to higher caffeine  · Tingling taste and flavor  · Selective availability in retail outlets, pubs, clubs, discos and other socializing places Values  · Adventure Seeking  · Thrill  · Different from competition  · Aspiration for youngsters to be associated with Kingfisher brand. Competition Mountain Dew As compared to Mountain Dew, we will po sition MIST as an exclusive brand and it will only be available through selective outlets. We are going for value-based offering that is premium in nature due to higher quality and reflects the values of aspiration for Kingfisher. Coke and Pepsi Both Coke and Pepsi are brands that differentiate themselves on the basis on the endorsements eg. Pepsi targets the youth market through endorsements from young celebrities. Price is not a discriminating factor between these two. We shall charge a higher price as compared to Coke and Pepsi and put forth quality as a prime concern while manufacturing MIST. This should help us differentiating from Coke and Pepsi since they have had troubles in the past regarding their quality. Media Influence  · Extensive promotion schemes across different media (using teasers, events and web portals)  · Advertisement frequency  · Brand endorsement Based on the above factors, our positioning of Mist vis-a-vis its main competitor (Mountain Dew) and other similar lime and lemon flavoured drinks (Coca cola was also included as a reference) has been quantitatively depicted in the cobweb diagram below. Some of the attributes are – 1. Ingredients – Mist is an augmented product over other citrus flavoured drinks, being packed with higher carbonation and caffeine. So, we rated this attribute above the other drinks. 2. Awareness – As Mist is a new product to be launched, we cannot gauge its awareness. However, we intend to bring it to the desired level based on our extensive promotional campaign which will be explained in the Marketing Mix. As of now, awareness is being measured based on the current awareness level for Kingfisher. 3. Availability – Unlike the extensive mass distribution and availability of the other drinks, we intend to have a selective distribution for Mist. 4. Refrigeration – This is based on the amount of refrigeration required and the level of service given by the companies by providing refrigerators. As Mist is selectively available, we intend to provide refrigeration facilities at all points of sale. This refrigerators will be small and exclusively for Mist. It will have eye-popping displays labelled with the title Mist and will be painted in its colours. MARKETING MIX | | |PRODUCT | | | | | | | |Functional |Great taste | | | | | | |Ity |Quench Thirst | | | | | | | | | | |Features |†¢ Invigorating effect due to higher caffeine | | | | | | | |†¢ Tingling taste and flavor | | | | | | |Appearanc |Available in Stylised cans | | | | | | |E | | | | | | | PRICING Competitor based pricing The price of a can of Mountain Dew and other soft drinks is Rs. 20. We may c hoose to price it higher than this since we are not going in for mass marketing but rather selecting a specific target segment. Cost Based pricing Cost Based pricing is integral to establish the lowest point of a new product's price range. By accurately analyzing cost per unit and taking into account a margin that corresponds to the lowest satisfactory return on investment, companies can define a new product's floor price. If the market cannot support this price, then the company must reconsider if the product is feasible. If we take the major cost components as manufacturing, advertising and distribution we can come to a rough estimate of the variable cost of Mist. This will not include the costs associated with machinery installation, R & D of the product and other associated capital expenses. This shall be collected through contribution per can. Using estimates for the major variable cost components we take: i. Advertising Cost per can – Rs. 8 – 10 ii. Manufacturing Cost per can – Rs. 4-5 iii. Administrative Costs and other overheads per can – Rs. 2-3 iv. Distribution Costs – estimated to be Rs. 1 per level Therefore the total cost of producing one can comes out approximately to be Rs. 17-19. Value Based Pricing While some benefits have values that can be readily quantified, others such as brand reputation and premium are more difficult to measure and must be probed using market research. Since we are positioning Mist as a premium brand it should be priced higher than its direct competitor (in this case Mountain Dew) in order for the target group to it as a premium brand. Since a can of a cola costs Rs. 0 then we will price it at Rs. 24 (we are trying simultaneously to take advantage of bundles of five pricing and have the customers perceive it as a premium brand). As shown by the market research, customers are willing to pay more for a product like Mist. Moreover, considering the aspiration value of the produc t and the parent company, we have decided to follow value based pricing. PROMOTION According to the positioning of the Mist, a promotional campaign will be designed to create awareness and pull in the market. AIDA model will be followed for the promotional campaign. The steps taken in each stage will make consumers to â€Å"Think, feel and do†.

The Great Chief Justice John Marshall And The Rule Of Law

The Great Chief Justice: John Marshall and the Rule of Law by Charles F. Hobson examines the judicial career of John Marshall, as well as the legal culture that helped to shape his political beliefs and his major constitutional opinions. The author sources much of his information from the formal opinions that Marshall issued during his judicial career. From these writings, Hobson presents Marshall s views on law and government and provides explanations for what in Marshall s life influenced those beliefs. Hobson explains that he has examined Marshall s judicial writings through the perspective of the common law tradition in which [Marshall] was bred (Hobson xiii). He states that Marshall read legal texts with a great attention to detail in an attempt to understand the intent of the writer. Similarly, Hobson tries to gain a better understanding of Marshall s principles by analyzing his legal writings. Because Marshall wrote with such care, looking into his writings allowed Hobso n to gain insight into the experiences of Marshall and to conclude how he came to both his beliefs and principles. Marshall s thought helps one understand cases before the Marshall Court better because many of his decisions display common themes, which can be traced back to experiences he has had in his life. Three significant life experiences helped to formulate Marshall s political principles and influence his judicial career: the American Revolution, the state legislature of theShow MoreRelatedJohn Marshalls Effect on the American Judicial System Essays1656 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Marshalls Effect on the American Judicial System I.Introduction In the early years of the eighteenth Century, the young United States of America were slowly adapting to the union and the way the country was governed. And just like the country, the governmental powers were starting to develop. 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Ogden, in which Marshall defined national powerRead MoreParagraph 8 Of Constitution And Its Effect On The Economy1548 Words   |  7 Pagesthe congress have the power to decide the rule of immigrant to citizen, and in other hand, congress have the power to setting rule for hopelessly indebted people and businesses to declare bankruptcy. Clause 5 is another important clause which expansion the power of congress to decide what moneys are and sets its value. Congress also gets to set standards of weights and measures. Clause 5 and 6 given the congress power to manage money, so congress have great power to influence the economic, and coinRead MoreThe Issue Of National Supremacy985 Words   |  4 Pages The issue of national supremacy is one that is addressed through several cases decided by the Marshall Court. McCullough v. Maryland (1819) and Gibbons v. 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He was knownRead MoreThe Judicial Power Of The United States1851 Words   |  8 Pagesframers of the Judicial Power was John Marshall. Chief Justice John Marshall was one of the main figures in the history of the US Judicial System. He was the youngest Chief Justices in the history of the United States and was the developer of the most important power of the Supreme Court, The Judicial Review. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how Chief Justice John Marshall affected the American Judicial System and also a brief biography of John Marshall. Then it will describe in detail theRead MoreThe Issue Of National Supremacy1258 Words   |  6 PagesNational Supremacy is one that is addressed through several cases decided by the Marshall Court. National Supremacy refers to the idea that when a conflict arises between a state law and a federal law, the federal law will take precedence. It comes from the Supremacy Clause in Article Six, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution. The clause makes the U.S. Constitution, its treaties, and its federal laws the highest laws in the country. McCullough v. Maryland (1819) and Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) areRead MoreJohn Locke And James Harrington Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagesapplication of a wide-range of philosophies. Political Philosophers such as John Locke and James Harrington along with the seekers of religious freedom the Pil grims set a standard for government’s role in American’s lives. This standard is then transformed into what James Madison referred to as â€Å"factions† or as contemporary Americans would refer to as Political parties. All of these variables thus factor into how American’s view law and order represented in Supreme Court cases such as Marbury vs. Madison